Systems are a complex, but highly organized collection of parts that interact to produce some sort of result.Physical systems must receive energy and matter in order to maintain the system. (An example of this is cellular respiration, which is how our body receives energy). Fun Fact There are 8 major organ systems in the body.
Digestive System
The digestive system is made up of a series of organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus, and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.
Mouth: When you put food into your mouth the process of digestion begins. Carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth by an enzyme called Salivary Amylase, this is the process of Hydrolysis which creates Maltose. The mouth has a pH level of 6.2-7.4! Hydrolysis: A chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds when reacting with water. Salivary Amylase: The enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar. Maltose: A sugar formed during the digestion of starch.
Esophagus: Muscular tube that moves the food to the stomach through peristalsis. Peristalsis: The process of wave like muscle contractions that moves food along.
Stomach: The major organ used to store, dilute, and digest food. The stomach has a pH level of 2! This is where the stomach starts to break down proteins into polypeptides using the enzyme pepsin. Fun Fact Our stomach has strong enough acid to dissolve iron nails. Polypeptides: Two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Pepsin: The enzyme that breaks down protein.
Pancreas: Secretes the enzymes called peptidase that helps further break down the polypeptides. Also, Maltase breaks down Maltose (Carbohydrate) into Glucose. Nuclease breaks down Nucleic Acids. Lipase breaks down fats along with bile.
Liver: Makes bile, which helps break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Gall Bladder: Secretes and stores bile.
Duodenum: The first fold in the small intestine, where all the digestion takes place. The bile comes up from the gall bladder into the duodenum and breaks down food even further.
Small Intestine: The longest organ inside the body, which absorbs nutrients and helps further digest the food. Inside of the small intestine are fingerlike extensions that help to absorb nutrients, called the Villi. Without Villi our small intestine would be two miles long! The Villi increases Surface Area to Volume ratio. Microvilli increase the surface area of our cells so that it can absorb nutrients easier.
Large Intestine: Concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions. The shorter part of the intestines which includes the colon and the rectum.
Why is water important in digestion?
Every part of digestion system requires water. The pancreas requires water to make the necessary fluids for proper digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Water is absorbed by the intestines. When acid is poured onto incoming food, enzymes are activated, the food is broken down, and the fluid mass formed can then pass into the intestine for the next phase. Mucus covers the glandular layer of the, which is the inner most layer of the stomach. Mucous consists of 98% water and 2% "scaffolding" that traps water.
Urinary System The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. There are many essential parts to the urinary system including the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
Kidneys: The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing water, ions, and nitrogen from the blood. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a steady state such as a constant temperature or a stable social structure by means of physiological or behavioral feedback responses
Ureters: Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder: The bladder stores urine (this can hold up to 27 ounces!)
Urethra: Transports urine out of body
Urea: A nitrogenous waste that is relatively safe to transport through the body. Urea is in many things we use everyday, including: fertilizer, plastics, cigarettes, pretzels, and tooth-whitening products.
Filtering and removal of salt helps maintain homeostasis (shrinkage of cells). This causes a hormone called Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) to be produced which makes the blood maintain a 1% salt concentration. Fun Fact Urea causes the color of urine to be yellow! ADH is not produced when you consume caffeine or alcohol.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood.
Larynx: The voice box within the throat, protects the trachea.
Trachea: An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms
Right & Left Lung: Located in the chest, surrounding the heart. The main function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream
Diaphragm: Internal muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage. When the diaphragm goes up the lungs deflate, when the diaphragm goes down the lungs inflate.
Bronchi: The main branch leading from the trachea which branches out into smaller parts called bronchioles
Bronchial: These are the smaller fingerlike figures branching off of the bronchi
Alveoli: The Alveoli is where the gas exchange with the blood takes place
Breathing is controlled by carbon dioxide not oxygen (carbon dioxide is produced by exercising). Carbon dioxide diffuses our of cells and into theraising the concentration of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide then diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid and combines with water to form carbonic acid (an acid you don't want in your blood). After all of this, carbon dioxide is flushed out of the blood, returning to it's normal pH level of 6.
Circulatory System The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
Heart: Muscular pump located right behind the sternum, composed of cardiac muscle and has four chambers for efficiency
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Blood is delivered to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Capillaries: Connect arteries to veins
Veins: Carry blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood returns form the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins. The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the hearts right atrium.
Blood Cells: The main way oxygen is transported to the body tissues via the blood flow.
Pattern of Blood Flow: The blood goes from the smaller veins to the vena cava (which acts a waiting room), once the blood cells are gathered in the vena cava the "door" to the right atrium opens up and the blood flows through the right atrium to the right ventricle. Once it passes through the right ventricle, it goes into the pulmonary artery, which then is transferred to the arteries and capillaries. It moves to the alveoli and then to the left atrium. Followed by the left ventricle and then the aorta. After it goes to the aorta it goes to the rest of the body. The skeletal muscles and one-way valves work together to move blood through veins back to the heart. The blood pressure is low in the veins, skeletal muscles squeeze blood along, and valves prevent backward movement in veins.
vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body
The Heart: pumps oxygenated blood to the body. After the heart delivers the oxygen, red blood cells pick up carbon dioxide and go back to the hears. The heart then directs the red blood cells to the lungs where they drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.
-the heart has 4 chambers. The right atrium and right ventricle receive blood from body and send to lungs to pick up oxygen and dump carbon dioxide. The left atrium and left ventricle receive oxygen-rich blood from lungs and send to body.
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Pacemaker: A small patch of tissue that regulates the beating of the heart
Cell Structure And Processes
Cell Membrane: This separates the interior of all cells from the outer world.
Mitochondria: Energy is stored here. Where cellular respiration takes place so that another phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP.
Osmosis: The movement of water molecules across a membrane.
Cellular Respiration: One of the key ways a cell gains useful energy. This is how biochemical energy is converted into ATP and then released as a waste product. CH2O + O2 ----> H2O + CO2
The Body As A System
Systems are a complex, but highly organized collection of parts that interact to produce some sort of result.Physical systems must receive energy and matter in order to maintain the system. (An example of this is cellular respiration, which is how our body receives energy). Fun Fact There are 8 major organ systems in the body.
Digestive System
The digestive system is made up of a series of organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus, and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.Mouth: When you put food into your mouth the process of digestion begins. Carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth by an enzyme called Salivary Amylase, this is the process of Hydrolysis which creates Maltose. The mouth has a pH level of 6.2-7.4!
Hydrolysis: A chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds when reacting with water.
Salivary Amylase: The enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar.
Maltose: A sugar formed during the digestion of starch.
Esophagus: Muscular tube that moves the food to the stomach through peristalsis.
Peristalsis: The process of wave like muscle contractions that moves food along.
Stomach: The major organ used to store, dilute, and digest food. The stomach has a pH level of 2! This is where the stomach starts to break down proteins into polypeptides using the enzyme pepsin.
Fun Fact Our stomach has strong enough acid to dissolve iron nails.
Polypeptides: Two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Pepsin: The enzyme that breaks down protein.
Pancreas: Secretes the enzymes called peptidase that helps further break down the polypeptides. Also, Maltase breaks down Maltose (Carbohydrate) into Glucose. Nuclease breaks down Nucleic Acids. Lipase breaks down fats along with bile.
Liver: Makes bile, which helps break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Gall Bladder: Secretes and stores bile.
Duodenum: The first fold in the small intestine, where all the digestion takes place. The bile comes up from the gall bladder into the duodenum and breaks down food even further.
Small Intestine: The longest organ inside the body, which absorbs nutrients and helps further digest the food. Inside of the small intestine are fingerlike extensions that help to absorb nutrients, called the Villi. Without Villi our small intestine would be two miles long! The Villi increases Surface Area to Volume ratio. Microvilli increase the surface area of our cells so that it can absorb nutrients easier.
Large Intestine: Concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions. The shorter part of the intestines which includes the colon and the rectum.
Why is water important in digestion?
Every part of digestion system requires water. The pancreas requires water to make the necessary fluids for proper digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Water is absorbed by the intestines. When acid is poured onto incoming food, enzymes are activated, the food is broken down, and the fluid mass formed can then pass into the intestine for the next phase. Mucus covers the glandular layer of the, which is the inner most layer of the stomach. Mucous consists of 98% water and 2% "scaffolding" that traps water.
MAGIC SCHOOL BUS!
Urinary System
The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. There are many essential parts to the urinary system including the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
Kidneys: The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing water, ions, and nitrogen from the blood.
Homeostasis: The maintenance of a steady state such as a constant temperature or a stable social structure by means of physiological or behavioral feedback responses
Ureters: Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder: The bladder stores urine (this can hold up to 27 ounces!)
Urethra: Transports urine out of body
Urea: A nitrogenous waste that is relatively safe to transport through the body. Urea is in many things we use everyday, including: fertilizer, plastics, cigarettes, pretzels, and tooth-whitening products.
Filtering and removal of salt helps maintain homeostasis (shrinkage of cells). This causes a hormone called Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) to be produced which makes the blood maintain a 1% salt concentration. Fun Fact Urea causes the color of urine to be yellow!
ADH is not produced when you consume caffeine or alcohol.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood.
Larynx: The voice box within the throat, protects the trachea.
Trachea: An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms
Right & Left Lung: Located in the chest, surrounding the heart. The main function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream
Diaphragm: Internal muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage. When the diaphragm goes up the lungs deflate, when the diaphragm goes down the lungs inflate.
Bronchi: The main branch leading from the trachea which branches out into smaller parts called bronchioles
Bronchial: These are the smaller fingerlike figures branching off of the bronchi
Alveoli: The Alveoli is where the gas exchange with the blood takes place
Breathing is controlled by carbon dioxide not oxygen (carbon dioxide is produced by exercising). Carbon dioxide diffuses our of cells and into theraising the concentration of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide then diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid and combines with water to form carbonic acid (an acid you don't want in your blood). After all of this, carbon dioxide is flushed out of the blood, returning to it's normal pH level of 6.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
Heart: Muscular pump located right behind the sternum, composed of cardiac muscle and has four chambers for efficiency
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Blood is delivered to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Capillaries: Connect arteries to veins
Veins: Carry blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood returns form the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins. The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the hearts right atrium.
Blood Cells: The main way oxygen is transported to the body tissues via the blood flow.
Pattern of Blood Flow: The blood goes from the smaller veins to the vena cava (which acts a waiting room), once the blood cells are gathered in the vena cava the "door" to the right atrium opens up and the blood flows through the right atrium to the right ventricle. Once it passes through the right ventricle, it goes into the pulmonary artery, which then is transferred to the arteries and capillaries. It moves to the alveoli and then to the left atrium. Followed by the left ventricle and then the aorta. After it goes to the aorta it goes to the rest of the body. The skeletal muscles and one-way valves work together to move blood through veins back to the heart. The blood pressure is low in the veins, skeletal muscles squeeze blood along, and valves prevent backward movement in veins.
vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body
The Heart: pumps oxygenated blood to the body. After the heart delivers the oxygen, red blood cells pick up carbon dioxide and go back to the hears. The heart then directs the red blood cells to the lungs where they drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.
-the heart has 4 chambers. The right atrium and right ventricle receive blood from body and send to lungs to pick up oxygen and dump carbon dioxide. The left atrium and left ventricle receive oxygen-rich blood from lungs and send to body.
-
Pacemaker: A small patch of tissue that regulates the beating of the heart
Cell Structure And Processes
Cell Membrane: This separates the interior of all cells from the outer world.
Mitochondria: Energy is stored here. Where cellular respiration takes place so that another phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP.
Osmosis: The movement of water molecules across a membrane.
Cellular Respiration: One of the key ways a cell gains useful energy. This is how biochemical energy is converted into ATP and then released as a waste product. CH2O + O2 ----> H2O + CO2